/**/ define negate(ref X) // pass by reference
  /**/   X := -X;           // changes value of variable OUTSIDE the fn
  /**/ enddefine;           // does not "return" a value, so is a procedure!
  /**/ A := 1;
  /**/ negate(ref A);  // use "ref" also to call the fn
  /**/ println A;      // now see that value has changed
  -1

  /**/ define QQx()
  /**/   TopLevel QQ;    // make global variable QQ accessible
  /**/   return NewPolyRing(QQ, "x");
  /**/ enddefine;
  /**/ QQx();
  RingWithID(3, "QQ[x]")